On the heat transfer coefficient between rock fracture walls and flowing fluid     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2014

Two analytical solutions are derived to model the heated flow-through experiments for granite fractures in the literature. The first model, which assumes an identical/continuous temperature between the bulk fluid and fracture surfaces, represents an upper bound solution of water temperature in rock fractures. The second model including the empirical parameter of heat transfer coefficient is used to calculate the average heat transfer coefficient based on the available experimental data. The obtained heat transfer coefficients are smaller than that from the thermal boundary layer theory for flat plates, but larger than the previous estimates. A power function is fitted to describe the relation between heat transfer coefficient and flow velocity. Both models show that water temperature increases non-linearly along fracture plane.  相似文献   

西秦岭中—新生代红层的构造层划分及其构造意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郭进京  韩文峰  赵海涛  张帆宇  梁收运 《地质论评》2014,60(6):1231-1244

西秦岭及其邻区中—新生代红层地层包括白垩系、古近系和新近系。这些红层地层的沉积组合、构造变形、空间分布及相互关系等是西秦岭中—新生代陆内地质过程的客观记录,对其系统研究是重建西秦岭及其邻区中—新生代构造演化过程之基础。依据这些红层地层之间的角度不整合、沉积序列与沉积环境、空间分布型式和构造线方向及构造样式,西秦岭及邻区中—新生代红层地层可分为早白垩世、晚白垩世、古近纪—新近纪三个构造层。三个构造层对应于西秦岭中—新生代陆内构造演化的三个不同阶段,即早白垩世北东向盆—山构造、晚白垩世区域左旋走滑拉分构造和渐新世—上新世区域伸展泛盆地阶段。结合印支期多块体拼贴形成的中国大陆中—新生代陆内构造格局与岩石圈动力学过程分析,认为西秦岭早白垩世北东向盆山构造格局是中生代以来西太平洋板块向西俯冲导致的东亚区域性伸展构造的组成部分;晚白垩世走滑拉分盆地则是白垩纪拉萨地块与羌塘—昌都地块汇聚碰撞背景下中国西北大陆区域性左旋走滑作用的结果;而渐新世—上新世的泛盆地阶段则指示了印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的远程构造—地貌响应之前经历了漫长区域伸展均衡坳陷和侵蚀夷平期,这说明上新世,西秦岭尚未成为现今青藏高原的组成部分,也就是说新生代以来印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚的构造响应起始于上新世末期。  相似文献   

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY FOR ABNORMAL FREEZING RAINS AND SNOWSTORMS IN SOUTHERN CHINA IN EARLY 2008   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

傅敏宁  邹海波  吴俊杰  吴珊珊  袁卓建  王四化 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2013,19(1):67-79

A quantitative diagnosis is carried out for the upward branch of a local meridional circulation over southern China(SC) during the abnormal snowstorms with severe freezing rain from 10 January to 3 February 2008.The diagnostic study shows that the upward branch is mainly associated with the zonal advection of westerly momentum and meridional temperature advection instead of the latent heating(which is commonly the dominant factor in many other storm cases).The corresponding weather analyses indicate that(1) the zonal advection of westerly momentum represents the effect of the upper-level divergence on the anticyclone-shear side in the entrance of a 200 hPa westerly jet with a westward deviation from its climatological location over southwestern Japan;(2) the meridional temperature advection represents the interaction between the mid-lower layer(850 to 400 hPa) warm advection over SC(ahead of temperature and pressure troughs with the latter trough deeper than the former in the Bay of Bengal) and cold advection over north China(steered by an underlying flow at 500 hPa);(3) the relatively weak vapor transport(compared to that of spring,summer and autumn) from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea to SC and the existence of a temperature inversion layer in the lower troposphere over SC diminish the effect of latent heating.With the significant increase of vapor transport after 24 January,the role of latent heating is upgraded to become the third positive contributor to the upward branch over SC.  相似文献   

张渤地震构造带中西段及邻区深部构造探测   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

王帅军  张先康  刘宝峰  潘素珍  海燕 《大地测量与地球动力学》2005,25(3):110-115

利用穿过张渤地震构造带中西段及邻区的多条地震测深资料．详细研究了张渤地震构造带中西段及邻区的地壳深部速度结构与构造。结果表明,该区地壳深部速度结构与构造在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均一性。在三河-平谷8级震区、延庆-怀来盆地及张家口附近地区莫霍面埋深分别为35、39和42km,其地壳厚度由东至西逐渐增加。该区基底断裂发育。在其深部,根据地震波动力学及运动学特征和二维速度结构中的地震界面与速度等值线起伏变化推测,在大兴、延庆、涿鹿等地均存在深部断裂带,在深部断裂带一侧或两侧的上地壳存在6．0km／s左右的低速层（体）。  相似文献   

"穷举法"地震定位   总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0  

李胜乐  廉超  张卫华 《大地测量与地球动力学》2005,25(1):6-12

介绍了一种全新的地震参数确定方法——“穷举法”,计算每个可能震中位置的目标函数,取目标函数最小值为震中,并以此可分层计算得到震源深度及发震时刻,该方法不需要解方程,只要有3个以上台让记录就能找出真实解。该方法既适合于近震定位,也适合于远震定位,定位时可采用一维,二维或三维地壳模型。  相似文献   

Non-Gaussian Lagrangian Stochastic Model for Wind Field Simulation in the Surface Layer     

Chao LIU  Li FU  Dan YANG  David R. MILLER  Junming WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(1):90-104

Wind field simulation in the surface layer is often used to manage natural resources in terms of air quality,gene flow(through pollen drift),and plant disease transmission(spore dispersion).Although Lagrangian stochastic(LS)models describe stochastic wind behaviors,such models assume that wind velocities follow Gaussian distributions.However,measured surface-layer wind velocities show a strong skewness and kurtosis.This paper presents an improved model,a non-Gaussian LS model,which incorporates controllable non-Gaussian random variables to simulate the targeted non-Gaussian velocity distribution with more accurate skewness and kurtosis.Wind velocity statistics generated by the non-Gaussian model are evaluated by using the field data from the Cooperative Atmospheric Surface Exchange Study,October 1999 experimental dataset and comparing the data with statistics from the original Gaussian model.Results show that the non-Gaussian model improves the wind trajectory simulation by stably producing precise skewness and kurtosis in simulated wind velocities without sacrificing other features of the traditional Gaussian LS model,such as the accuracy in the mean and variance of simulated velocities.This improvement also leads to better accuracy in friction velocity(i.e.,a coupling of three-dimensional velocities).The model can also accommodate various non-Gaussian wind fields and a wide range of skewness–kurtosis combinations.Moreover,improved skewness and kurtosis in the simulated velocity will result in a significantly different dispersion for wind/particle simulations.Thus,the non-Gaussian model is worth applying to wind field simulation in the surface layer.  相似文献   

大气边界层高度确定及应用研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张宏昇  张小曳  李倩惠  蔡旭晖  范绍佳  宋宇  胡非  车慧正  权建农  康凌  朱彤 《气象学报》2020,78(3):522-536

大气边界层高度是表征边界层特征的重要参量,影响边界层内水热、物质、能量的垂直分布,也是数值模拟、环境评估中的重要参数。从湍流运动、热力作用、动力作用以及物质分布等多视角总结了大气边界层高度的定义及确定方法,回顾了采用直接观测手段和遥感手段确定大气边界层高度的不同方法,对比了大气边界层高度不同获取手段的优缺点,梳理了大气边界层高度参数化方案,探讨了大气边界层高度确定中存在的问题,并提出未来相关研究和应用可能突破方向。   相似文献   

Diurnal Sea surface temperature response to tropical cyclone Dahlia in the Eastern tropical Indian Ocean in 2017 revealed by the Bailong buoy     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2020

Tropical Cyclone (TC) Dahlia occurred adjacent to over the equatorial southeastern Indian Ocean during the period 26 November – 3 December 2017 and was observed by the Bailong buoy, which provides in situ observations of high-frequency variations in the upper ocean environment. The diurnal sea surface temperature (dSST) variabilities during different stages of the passage of TC Dahlia are studied. The dSST variability is rather weak during the TC passing stage in contrast to the strong ranges before (0.35 °C) and after (0.57 °C) the TC. Before the influence of TC Dahlia, the dSST presented significant regular variability with a peak in the afternoon and minimum value in the morning, which is similar to the even larger range that occurred after TC Dahlia. During the passage of TC Dahlia, dSST decreased dramatically, and a uniform variation was presented due to the absence of strong heat fluxes and stirring and upwelling induced by strong winds. Further analysis through a one-dimensional mixed layer model (Price-Weller-Pinkel, PWP) indicated that the dominant elements responsible for the different dSST variations during distinct stages of TC Dahlia were shortwave radiation and surface wind, which strongly impacted the dSST evolution during TC Dahlia. The asymmetrical wind strength was responsible for the asymmetry of dSST variation.  相似文献   

唐古拉地区活动层水热状况及地气系统能水平衡分析     

郭林茂  常娟  周剑  徐洪亮 《高原气象》2020,(2):254-265

活动层水热状况与地-气系统间能水交换直接影响着寒区生态环境、水文过程以及多年冻土的稳定性。利用唐古拉站2007年实测资料和SHAW模型,对研究点活动层土壤剖面温湿度进行了模拟。土壤温度方面,模型的纳什效率系数NSE≥0.93;水分方面,纳什效率系数的平均值为0.69,说明SHAW模型可用于多年冻土区活动层内水热动态变化的模拟研究。基于模型的输出结果,对唐古拉站活动层土壤冻融过程中的水分动态、地表能量收支的变化特征进行了分析讨论。结果表明:(1)活动层冻融过程中,土壤水分的冻结和融化响应时间随土壤深度的增加而逐渐滞后,水分迁移通量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减小;(2)地表能量平衡收支在季风活动引起的降水与活动层的冻融循环共同影响下,表现出明显的季节性变化特征。同时,通过改变SHAW模型植被输入参数中的叶面积指数,分析了植被覆盖变化对多年冻土区土壤蒸散发的影响。结果表明:植被蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量与总的蒸散发量与植被的叶面积指数呈正相关关系,而浅层土壤含水率(20 cm)则表现为负相关,当叶面积指数在-100%(裸土)~100%变化时,总蒸散发量的变化幅度为-5%~13%。  相似文献   

基于激光云高仪反演全天边界层高度的两步曲线拟合法     

蔡嘉仪  苗世光  李炬  潘昱冰  权建农  程志刚 《气象学报》2020,78(5):864-876

大气边界层高度是天气、气候、大气环境研究中的一个重要参数,目前尚缺少基于激光雷达探测系统反演全天边界层高度的有效方法。文中利用北京朝阳站、大兴站的激光云高仪数据,首先评估了梯度法、标准偏差法、曲线拟合法和小波协方差法反演边界层高度的适用性和局限性,发现梯度法容易受环境噪声的影响,曲线拟合法稳定性较好,但在夜间弱湍流条件下会将残留层高度误判为夜间边界层高度。提出两步曲线拟合法,将一天中边界层结构划分为白天的对流边界层、夜间的残留层和稳定边界层,通过用不同的理想曲线对其进行两步拟合,获取全天边界层高度的变化。将两步曲线拟合法的反演结果与基于L波段探空雷达的位温梯度法的探测结果进行比较发现:两者相关系数为0.91,证明了两步曲线拟合法的可行性以及激光云高仪探测边界层高度的应用潜力。采用该方法反演2017年5—6月朝阳站与大兴站边界层高度,对比发现:城区特殊的下垫面性质使朝阳站日间对流边界层发展更早,边界层高度更高,全天朝阳站边界层高度的变化在308—1391 m,大兴站在197—1302 m。   相似文献